AI
Because the universe didn’t come with documentation.
Because of the Bekenstein bound, which sets a hard limit on how much information can exist inside any region of space. Even the entire observable universe, at maximum density, could store its information in a volume smaller than a sugar cube—showing information, not matter, is the true bottleneck.
Yes. In 2019, Google DeepMind trained an AI that found new, faster matrix-multiplication algorithms—outperforming methods humans had refined for over 50 years—without being taught any math rules explicitly.
A single smartphone today is millions of times more powerful than the computers used by NASA during the Apollo Moon missions, which operated with less RAM than a digital watch.
Because their advantage comes from interference, not speed: incorrect solutions mathematically cancel out while the correct one amplifies. This behavior has no classical equivalent and is why quantum algorithms can beat classical ones so dramatically.